Personal life
Family
Her Imperial and Royal Highness Maria Theresa, Princess Imperial and Archduchess of Austria, Princess Royal of Hungary and Bohemia was the eldest daughter of Elisabeth Christine von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel and Charles VI, whose sole male heir - his son Leopold Johann - died as an infant in 1716. In 1713 Charles issued the Pragmatic Sanction which guaranteed his daughter the right to succeed to the Austrian throne and inherit his united lands on his death. Initially, many European monarchs agreed to the Pragmatic Sanction when it was issued. However, soon after Maria Theresa assumed the throne upon Charles' death on October 20, 1740, the War of Austrian Succession began.
Maria Theresa was married to Francis Stephen, Duke of Lorraine. In the end, she had 16 children by him, with 11 daughters (all of whom had the first name "Maria") and 5 sons surviving to adulthood. Her youngest daughter was Maria Antonia (better known under her French name Marie Antoinette) who would be promised in marriage to Louis, heir apparent to the king of France, later King Louis XVI. After her husband's death, she made her son Joseph II co-regent of her Austrian dominions, but she actually kept most of the power to herself, which led to tension between her and her son. It was not until her death that he could fully exercise his powers.
Her children were:
- Archduchess Marie Elisabeth (1737-1740). Heiress-presumptive to the title Archduchess of Austria, Queen of Hungary, and Queen of Bohemia: 1737-1740.
- Archduchess Marie Anna (1738-1789). Heiress-presumptive to the title Archduchess of Austria, Queen of Hungary, and Queen of Bohemia: 1740-1741.
- Archduchess Marie Caroline (1740-1741).
- Emperor Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (1741-1790), married Infanta Isabel of Spain (1741-1763), then Princess Marie Josephe of Bavaria (1739-1767); no surviving issue. Holy Roman Emperor: 1765; Archduke of Austria, King of Hungary, King of Bohemia: 1780 (Heir-Apparent: 1741-1780)
- Princess Marie Christine of Saxony, née Archduchess Marie Christine (1742-1798), married Prince Albert of Saxe-Teschen (1738-1822); no issue
- Archduchess Marie Elisabeth (1743-1808)
- Archduke Karl Joseph (1745-1761)
- Archduchess Marie Amalie of Austria (duchess of Parma), née Archduchess Marie Amalie (1746-1804), married Duke Ferdinand of Parma (1751-1802); had issue
- Emperor Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor (1747-1792), married Infanta María Luísa of Spain (1745-1792); had issue. Grand Duke of Tuscany: 1765 (abdicated 1790); Holy Roman Emperor: 1790; Archduke of Austria, King of Hungary, King of Bohemia: 1790 (Heir-Apparent: 1780)
- Archduchess Marie Caroline (1748)
- Archduchess Marie Johanna (1750-1762)
- Archduchess Marie Josephe (1751-1767)
- Queen Marie Caroline of Naples and Sicily, née Archduchess Marie Caroline (1752-1814), married HM King Ferdinand IV of Naples and Sicily (1751-1825); had issue
- Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, Duke of Breisgau (1754–1806), married Maria Beatrice d'Este, heiress of Breisgau and of Modena; had issue (Austria-Este). Duke of Breisgau: 1803
- Queen Marie Antoinette of France, née Archduchess Marie Antonie (1755-1793); married Louis XVI of France (1754-1793); had issue
- Archduke Maximilian Franz of Austria (1756-1801), Archbishop-Elector of Cologne: 1784
Relationship with her family
Many people believe that Maria Theresa was the archetypical mother (indeed, many see her as a mother of the nation still today), loving but stern. Most agree that she had a very loving and caring attitude towards her husband, forgiving his many affairs. From the early years of their marital life, a number of anecdotes survive, one of which says that during their honeymoon, they managed to break a bed in one of the places they stayed.
Another said that, when she received news that she had become a grandmother, she ran into the royal theater, only dressed in a nightgown, interrupted the play and shouted, in Viennese dialect, to the audience: "Denkt's enk, der Poldl hat an Buam, und grad auf mein' Hochzeitstag - alstern der is galant, is net wahr?" (which can be roughly translated to: "Can you imagine it, Leopold has a little boy, and just on my wedding anniversary – that's quite polite of him, isn't it`?")

